Nipah virus niv a paramyxovirus genus henipavirus first identified in 1999 in malaysia caused an outbreak of respiratory and neurological disease in pigs and encephalitis in people. Nipah virus encephalitis is a severe, rapidly progressive disease caused by the nipah virus and was transmitted to humans via contact with infected pigs. Outbreak investigation of nipah virus disease in kerala. Epidemiology of nipah virus what do epidemiologists do. After exposure and an incubation period of 5 to 14 days,illness presents with 314 days of fever and headache, followed by drowsiness, disorientation and mental confusion. Its zoonotic nature, as well as high rate of humantohuman transmission, has led researchers worldwide to work toward understanding the different aspects of the niv. The human outbreak in malaysia and singapore followed contact with infected swine and resulted in encephalitis with 40% case mortality. We performed a codon usage analysis, based on publicly available nucleotide sequences of niv and its host. The name of the virus and disease is from the village of sungai nipah in malaysia. Nipah virus niv is a potential threat to global health security. Niv initially emerged in peninsular malaysia and singapore in 199899 associated with a large outbreak of respiratory disease in pigs and encephalitis among pig farm and abattoir workers. The nervous system may also be affected, so signs such as trembling, muscle spasms, lameness, and incoordination may be. Virus nipah metadata this file contains additional information such as exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. The etiologic agent, nipah virus genus henipavirus, family paramyxoviridae, is an enveloped, negativesense, singlestranded rna virus.
It can be transmitted from person to person and has killed between 40% and 75% of infected people. On monday morning, a 31yearold nurse at perambra taluk hospital succumbed due. The first 2 recorded niv outbreaks reported in india, in 2001 and 2007, occurred in west bengal. Nipah virusinfected patients were more likely than communitybased controls to report drinking raw date palm sap and to have had physical contact with an encephalitis patient 29% vs. Nipah virus infection in humans causes a range of clinical. Nipah virus pdf nipah virus history,symptoms,treatment,prevention the virus has claimed around 10 lives in the southern state over the past two weeks. Niv was first identified during an outbreak in kampung sungai nipah, malaysia, in 1998. Classification of the causative agent nipah virus is an enveloped, negativesense, singlestranded rna virus in the family paramyxoviridae, genus henipavirus. Nipah virus niv and hendra hev virus are in the same family paramyxoviridae and genus henipavirus, and the clinical course of each disease is similar. Nipah virus is an enveloped negativestrand rna paramyxovirus genus, henipavirus. A nipah virus infection is a viral infection caused by the nipah virus. As per the world health organisation who, nipah virus is a newly emerging zoonosis that causes a severe disease in both animals and humans. The drug ribavirin has been shown to be effective against the viruses in vitro.
Nipah virus infection outbreak with nosocomial and corpse. For 1 casepatient, the only known exposure was hugging a deceased patient with a probable case, while another casepatients exposure involved preparing the same corpse for burial by removing. During the nipah virus disease outbreak in 199899, 265 patients were infected with the virus. Pathogenicity of nipah henipavirus bangladesh in a swine. Students will make predictions, perform calculations, adapt to new information, and make recommendations to the centers for. Nipah virus is a virus transmitted to humans by animals. The virus is named after the location where it was first detected in malaysia. This is a virus that when it gets into people, in bangladesh, it kills them on average threequarters of the. The virus was identified in 1999 after causing disease in animals and in humans. Illnesses caused by nipah virus were first described in 1998 1999, during widespread outbreaks among pigs and people in malaysia. Nipah virus niv is an emerging and priority pathogen from the paramyxoviridae family with a high fatality rate. Nipah virus niv is a member of the family paramyxoviridae, genus henipavirus and is related to hendra virus that infects horses niv is a zoonotic virus a disease that animals can transmit to humans, known as a zoonosis. Illness with nipah virus begins with fever and headache followed by inflammation of the brain encephalitis, drowsiness.
In malaysia, 265 encephalitis cases, primarily among pig farmers, and a 40% death rate were reported 35. Nipah virus is a recently described zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes a highly fatal encephalitis in humans 1,2. People of all ages are at risk for nipah virus in locations in asia where the virus is active in. This virus is carried subclinically in fruit bats of the genus pteropus, a host to which it seems well adapted. As of june 6, nipah virus had claimed 16 lives out of 18 laboratoryconfirmed cases in kerala, a case fatality rate of 88. Longterm sequelae following nipah virus infection have been noted, including persistent convulsions and personality changes. Symptoms from infection vary from none to fever, cough, headache, shortness of breath, and confusion. Review lessons from the nipah virus outbreak in malaysia. Nipah virus niv is a member of the family paramyxoviridae, genus henipavirus. Analysis of nipah virus codon usage and adaptation to hosts. Nipah rarely infects people, but when it does, it can make them very, very sick.
Niv, a member of the paramyxoviridae family, is a zoonotic virus, which means it can transfer from animals to people. Etiology nipah virus niv is a singlestranded rna virus belonging to the genus henipavirus, family paramyxoviridae, which was discovered in malaysia in 19981999. Active nipah virus encephalitis surveillance identified an encephalitis cluster and sporadic cases in faridpur, bangladesh, in january 2010. Latent infections with subsequent reactivation of nipah virus death have also been reported months and even years after exposure. Pigs infected with nipah virus will have rapid and difficult breathing pattern. Nipah virus induces two inclusion body populations. Classification of the causative agent resistance to. Nipah manual food and agriculture organization of the united.
Union minister j p nadda directed the national centre for disease control ncdc chief to. Nipah virus infection the center for food security and public health. Nipah virus infection is an emerging disease endemic in southeast asia. Nipah and hendra are both emerging diseases, having been first described in the 1990s. There is no cure, and it kills about 75% of people it infects.
The only previously reported outbreaks of nipah virus occurred in malaysia and singapore from september 1998 to may 1999. On 17 may 2018, a 28yearold man presented to a private facility in kozhikode district, kerala state, india, with encephalitis. The virus is closely related to hendra virus see hendra virus infection, the only other member of the genus. Rescue of a nipah bangladesh henipavirus was performed using a modified psp72 promega vectorbased plasmid system developed at public health agency of canadas special pathogens unit 19. The nipah virus outbreak in malaysia 19981999 and its subsequent spread to singapore caught both countries relatively unprepared. Niv is a zoonotic virus a virus transmitted to humans from animals 3. Nipah virus infection journal of clinical microbiology.
Tom solomon, in mansons tropical infectious diseases twentythird edition, 2014. It was first identified 20 years ago in malaysia and has since caused outbreaks in other parts of south and southeast asia. Overview of nipah virus infection merck veterinary manual. Nipah virus pdf nipah virus history,symptoms,treatment. Nipah virus niv is an emerging and serious viral zoonotic disease that carries with it a high case fatality rate in the ballpark of 70% or more. Infection with nipah virus is associated with encephalitis inflammation of the brain. Nipah virus is an emerging infectious disease of public health importance. Rapid detection accelerates indias response to nipah. Six more people succumbed to symptoms suspected to be that of nipah virus on sunday. The discovery of the novel nipah virus was a significant turning point in the control of.
Phylogenetic analysis of nipah virus isolates from malaysia, bangladesh and cambodia suggested the. Data from malaysia suggest that nipah virus has a high morbidity 71%, mortality rate 28%, and case fatality ratio 40%, though its ability to spread among humans is low r 0 file contains additional information such as exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. Nipah is a newly emerging deadly virus that can jump from bats to other species, including humans. The outbreak of nipah virus in malaysia in 1999 created history in the category of new emerging diseases. In pteropus bats, nipah virus has been found repeatedly in urine, and viral rna has been. See the editor commentary by spiropoulou on pages 18557. Complications can include inflammation of the brain and seizures following recovery. A central team will visit kerala to take stock of the situation after three people died of nipah virus. Past outbreaks first recognized in 1999 during an outbreak among pig. In this activity, you will examine some of the data collected by epidemiologists studying a nipah virus outbreak.
Prepared as background material by the johns hopkins center for health security for the clade x tabletop exercise nipah virus facts prepared by. Division of disease control what do i need to know. Nipah virus niv infection is a newly emerging zoonosis. You will perform the relevant calculations, make claims about whether the nipah outbreak in malaysia will become an epidemic, and determine the natural reservoir for nipah virus. It causes severe neurological and respiratory disease which is highly lethal. Nipah virus niv infection is a newly emerging zoonosis that causes severe disease in both animals and humans. Nipah virus niv and the closely related hendra virus hev are members of the henipavirus genus in the family paramyxoviridae order mononegavirales. They may also have openmouthed breathing and a characteristic loud, harsh cough. It causes various diseases such as respiratory ailments and encephalitis and poses. Nipah and hendra viruses are members of the henipavirus genus within the paramyxovirinae subfamily of the paramyxoviridae family.
1532 125 720 595 1584 1567 1054 629 1023 1570 733 1399 231 1061 508 574 1545 1541 405 1484 203 530 1210 694 750 311 1508 623 22 173 1265 559 673 81 464 1365 732 1148 201 456 1464 1272 1301